Components

The plan mandated an immediate cessation of hostilities, with all military operations suspended and frontlines frozen. All Israeli hostages, alive and deceased, were to be returned within 72 hours. Palestinian prisoners were to be released proportionally, including 250 life sentence prisoners and 1,700 individuals arrested since the war began. For every Israeli hostage whose remains are released, Israel will release the remains of 15 deceased Gazans.

The proposed strategy includes the destruction of Hamas's offensive weaponry, such as tunnels and military infrastructure, to neutralize their capacity for further violence. The statement says that Gaza will be "a de-radicalized terror-free zone that does not pose a threat to its neighbors". It also offers amnesty to Hamas members who commit to peaceful coexistence, with safe passage provided for those opting for exile. Additionally, a temporary international stabilization force, composed of U.S., Arab, and European personnel, would be deployed to oversee security and facilitate the training of a Palestinian police force, ensuring long-term stability and peace.

A National Committee for the Administration of Gaza, led by Palestinian technocrats and supported by an international Board of Peace, is planned to be established in to manage day-to-day governance and oversee the rebuilding and repair of infrastructure. Humanitarian aid is to be delivered without interference, with international organizations such as the United Nations and the Red Crescent overseeing its distribution to ensure fairness and efficiency. Additionally, efforts are planned to encourage Palestinians to remain in Gaza, offering support to those choosing to stay and rebuild their communities.

On January 21, 2026, during the World Economic Forum in Davos, President Donald Trump stated that Hamas must disarm and release all remaining hostage remains "within weeks" or be "blown away very quickly".[79][80][81] This ultimatum was issued a day before the formal signing ceremony for the Board of Peace, a Trump-chaired international organization established to oversee the reconstruction and governance of Gaza , potentially serving as an alternative to United Nations mediation.

The strategy includes the acknowledgment of Palestine as a state, contingent upon successful reconstruction efforts and necessary reforms within the Palestinian Authority. To pave the way for long-term peace, a dialogue would be initiated between Israel and the Palestinians to establish a political framework that promotes peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding.[74] Although the plan recognizes the Palestinian state as a possibility that is "the aspiration of the Palestinian people", it does not say that the United States would recognize Palestine as a state.

Negotiations

Phase one (partial implementation)

On September 30, Donald Trump's proposal was forwarded to Hamas. Trump stated that the group had "three or four days" to respond to the plan. Hamas announced that they were studying the proposal "in good faith".

On October 2, reports emerged that Hamas's political leadership in Qatar were open to accepting the proposed deal and asked for additional clauses for international guarantees concerning Israel's withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the safety of its leadership. However, Hamas's leader in the Gaza Strip itself, Izz al-Din al-Haddad, reportedly had objections to the proposal. An investigation by the New York Times found widespread support for the plan amongst civilians in the Gaza Strip, with many urging Hamas to accept the deal. The Egyptian and Qatari governments continued working to convince Hamas to accept the proposal. Hamas pushed to secure the release of Marwan Barghouti, but Israel refused.

On October 3, Trump gave Hamas a deadline of Sunday October 5, 2025, 22:00 GMT, to accept the proposed deal. Later that day, Hamas announced that they would release all Israeli hostages, living and deceased, and they expressed willingness to negotiate on Trump's proposed plan, though they did not agree to disarm or forgo influence in Gaza. Trump responded by saying that he believed that Hamas was "ready for lasting peace", and urged Israel to "immediately stop bombing Gaza" to allow for the safe release of hostages. Despite Trump's request for it to stop, Israel continued its bombing up to October 5, killing 70 Palestinians, stating, in one of those strikes, that it targeted a Hamas militant who posed a threat to its forces, expressing regret for harm to uninvolved civilians, and saying it "works to mitigate harm to uninvolved civilians as much as possible".

On October 4, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered the armed forces to halt their offensive in Gaza City in response to Trump's demands. It was reported that talks between Palestinian factions, including Hamas, regarding the future governance of Gaza would take place in Cairo. US Special Envoy to the Middle East, Steve Witkoff, and Jared Kushner were reported to be heading to Cairo to finalise the technical details of the hostage release and discuss the lasting peace deal. Indirect talks between Israel and Hamas were planned to take place over the next few days in Egypt. Later that evening, Trump posted on social media that Israel "has agreed to the initial withdrawal line" and that when Hamas confirms, a ceasefire will "be IMMEDIATELY effective".

On October 5, it was reported that the talks would be held in Sharm el Sheikh. The Israeli delegation would be led by Strategic Affairs Minister Ron Dermer and the Hamas delegation led by Khalil Al-Hayya. Trump stated that the talks may take "a couple of days" and called for "everyone to move fast", adding, "I am told that the first phase should be completed this week."

On October 6, negotiators from Israel and Hamas began indirect talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt to discuss the release of the remaining Israeli hostages and Palestinian prisoner exchange mediated by Egyptian, Qatari, Turkish and US officials. The talks lasted for around four hours and ended on a positive note, with a road map agreed for further talks the following day.

Two rounds of negotiations were held on October 7, with sources describing "progress" being made. US envoys Jared Kushner and Steve Witkoff and Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani were expected[needs update] to join the talks on October 8. A five-point agenda for further talks, covering ending the war, prisoner and hostage exchange, Israeli withdrawal, humanitarian assistance and post-war was agreed.

On October 8, Trump was handed a handwritten note from secretary of state Marco Rubio during a live television appearance stating an agreement was "very close" and that he would need to "approve a Truth social post soon so you can announce deal first". Shortly thereafter, reports emerged that an agreement had been reached and would be signed the following day. Trump subsequently confirmed that an agreement on the first phase of the deal had been approved by both sides, posting on social media that, "I am very proud to announce that Israel and Hamas have both signed off on the first Phase of our Peace Plan." The agreement was signed in Egypt at 12 noon local time on October 9. Hostages were to be freed over the weekend or early the following week, with Hamas releasing 20 living hostages in exchange for Israel's release of 2,000 Palestinian prisoners, including 250 serving life sentences and 1,700 prisoners that had been detained since the war began.

On October 13, Hamas released the 20 living hostages and Israel began to release the Palestinian prisoners.

Negotiations

Phase two (proposed)

Vice president of the Palestinian Authority, Hussein al-Sheikh, met with Tony Blair on October 12, 2025, to discuss the ceasefire and reconstruction in the Gaza Strip.

An international summit on the next phase of the peace plan was convened on October 13 in Sharm El Shaikh, Egypt. Prior to the summit, Trump stated that negotiations for phase two of the peace plan had begun.

On October 14, Egyptian foreign minister Badr Abdelatty stated that fifteen Palestinian technocrats had been chosen to lead a post-war interim administration for the Gaza Strip. He added that the list had been agreed by all Palestinian factions, including Hamas, and had been vetted by Israel.

On October 24, Hamas announced it is willing to relinquish control of the Gaza Strip. On November 8, vice-president of the Palestinian Authority, Hussein al-Sheikh, stated that the Palestinian Authority and Hamas had agreed that any future Palestinian technical government for the Gaza Strip would be led by a minister suggested by the Palestinian Authority with health minister and former mayor of Gaza, Maged Abu Ramadan, being named as a possible candidate.

US Special Envoy to the Middle East, Steve Witkoff, and Trump adviser Jared Kushner arrived in Israel on October 20 and were joined by US vice-president JD Vance the following day.

The European Union together with the Palestinian Authority convened the first summit of the newly formed "Palestine Donor Group" in Brussels on November 20.

Palestinian factions including Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Popular Front, Democratic Front, Popular Resistance Committees, National Initiative, and the Democratic Reform Movement (Dahlan Movement) started meeting in Cairo on November 24 to discuss a draft "protocol of action of the international force".

On November 17, the UN Security Council approved a resolution proposed by the United States regarding a transitional government and the establishment of an International Stabilization Force (ISF) in Gaza.

2026 developments

A disarmament plan was presented to Hamas by the Board of Peace in March 2026. In April, Israel stated they will not move forward without progress on Hamas disarmament.

A Hamas spokesperson rejected the plan and said it was "unacceptable" for Israel to demand disarmament from them in a "crude manner" and that it was a "double standard" to only ask concessions from Palestineans. They accused Nickolay Mladenov of having bias towards Israel and added that they will not discuss the second phase unless Israel first fully implements the terms of the first phase, which includes a hostage-prisoner exchange, increased humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip, and the partial withdrawal of Israeli forces.

They also requested strong guarantees to ensure an independent sovereign Palestinian state.

On 5 May 2026, The Times of Israel reported a letter from Mladenov that was addressed to the head of the Palestinian technocratic government. The document suggested the "Board of Peace" did not intend to hold Israel to the terms of the ceasefire if Hamas won't accept the panel's proposed disarmament framework.

Israel has reportedly carried out almost daily strikes throughout Gaza since the ceasefire and had justified them by claiming they were strikes against "imminent" threats to their forces.

A May 2026 report from The Jerusalem Post said that Israel had told Mladenov that they will not withdraw from the so-called "yellow line" within Gaza.

An Israeli security source, speaking to KAN News, stated that if Hamas continues to not disarm, then the Israelis will restart the fighting in Gaza to "complete their mission".

• For 2026 developments, as mentioned, go here.

Implementation steps

1. Gaza will be a deradicalized terror-free zone that does not pose a threat to its neighbors.
2. Gaza will be redeveloped for the benefit of the people of Gaza, who have suffered more than enough.
3. If both sides agree to this proposal, the war will immediately end. Israeli forces will withdraw to the agreed upon line to prepare for a hostage release. During this time, all military operations, including aerial and artillery bombardment, will be suspended, and battle lines will remain frozen until conditions are met for the complete staged withdrawal.
4. Within 72 hours of Israel publicly accepting this agreement, all hostages, alive and deceased, will be returned.
5. Once all hostages are released, Israel will release 250 life sentence prisoners plus 1700 Gazans who were detained after October 7, 2023, including all women and children detained in that context. For every Israeli hostage whose remains are released, Israel will release the remains of 15 deceased Gazans.
6. Once all hostages are returned, Hamas members who commit to peaceful co-existence and to decommission their weapons will be given amnesty. Members of Hamas who wish to leave Gaza will be provided safe passage to receiving countries.
7. Upon acceptance of this agreement, full aid will be immediately sent into the Gaza Strip. At a minimum, aid quantities will be consistent with what was included in the January 19, 2025, agreement regarding humanitarian aid, including rehabilitation of infrastructure (water, electricity, sewage), rehabilitation of hospitals and bakeries, and entry of necessary equipment to remove rubble and open roads.
8. Entry of distribution and aid in the Gaza Strip will proceed without interference from the two parties through the United Nations and its agencies, and the Red Crescent, in addition to other international institutions not associated in any manner with either party. Opening the Rafah crossing in both directions will be subject to the same mechanism implemented under the January 19, 2025, agreement.
9. Gaza will be governed under the temporary transitional governance of a technocratic, apolitical Palestinian committee, responsible for delivering the day-to-day running of public services and municipalities for the people in Gaza. This committee will be made up of qualified Palestinians and international experts, with oversight and supervision by a new international transitional body, the "Board of Peace", which will be headed and chaired by President Donald J. Trump, with other members and heads of State to be announced, including former prime minister Tony Blair. This body will set the framework and handle the funding for the redevelopment of Gaza until such time as the Palestinian Authority has completed its reform program, as outlined in various proposals, including President Trump's peace plan in 2020 and the Saudi-French proposal, and can securely and effectively take back control of Gaza. This body will call on best international standards to create modern and efficient governance that serves the people of Gaza and is conducive to attracting investment.
10. A Trump economic development plan to rebuild and energize Gaza will be created by convening a panel of experts who have helped birth some of the thriving modern miracle cities in the Middle East. Many thoughtful investment proposals and exciting development ideas have been crafted by well-meaning international groups, and will be considered to synthesize the security and governance frameworks to attract and facilitate these investments that will create jobs, opportunity, and hope for future Gaza.
11. A special economic zone will be established with preferred tariff and access rates to be negotiated with participating countries.
12. No one will be forced to leave Gaza, and those who wish to leave will be free to do so and free to return. We will encourage people to stay and offer them the opportunity to build a better Gaza.
13. Hamas and other factions agree to not have any role in the governance of Gaza, directly, indirectly, or in any form. All military, terror, and offensive infrastructure, including tunnels and weapon production facilities, will be destroyed and not rebuilt. There will be a process of demilitarization of Gaza under the supervision of independent monitors, which will include placing weapons permanently beyond use through an agreed process of decommissioning, and supported by an internationally funded buy back and reintegration program all verified by the independent monitors. New Gaza will be fully committed to building a prosperous economy and to peaceful coexistence with their neighbors.
14. A guarantee will be provided by regional partners to ensure that Hamas, and the factions, comply with their obligations and that New Gaza poses no threat to its neighbors or its people.
15. The United States will work with Arab and international partners to develop a temporary International Stabilization Force (ISF) to immediately deploy in Gaza.
16. The ISF will train and provide support to vetted Palestinian police forces in Gaza, and will consult with Jordan and Egypt who have extensive experience in this field. This force will be the long-term internal security solution. The ISF will work with Israel and Egypt to help secure border areas, along with newly trained Palestinian police forces. It is critical to prevent munitions from entering Gaza and to facilitate the rapid and secure flow of goods to rebuild and revitalize Gaza. A deconfliction mechanism will be agreed upon by the parties.
17. Israel will not occupy or annex Gaza. As the ISF establishes control and stability, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) will withdraw based on standards, milestones, and timeframes linked to demilitarization that will be agreed upon between the IDF, ISF, the guarantors, and the United States, with the objective of a secure Gaza that no longer poses a threat to Israel, Egypt, or its citizens. Practically, the IDF will progressively hand over the Gaza territory it occupies to the ISF according to an agreement they will make with the transitional authority until they are withdrawn completely from Gaza, save for a security perimeter presence that will remain until Gaza is properly secure from any resurgent terror threat. In the event Hamas delays or rejects this proposal, the above, including the scaled-up aid operation, will proceed in the terror-free areas handed over from the IDF to the ISF.
18. An interfaith dialogue process will be established based on the values of tolerance and peaceful co-existence to try and change mindsets and narratives of Palestinians and Israelis by emphasizing the benefits that can be derived from peace.
19. While Gaza re-development advances and when the PA reform program is faithfully carried out, the conditions may finally be in place for a credible pathway to Palestinian self-determination and statehood, which we recognize as the aspiration of the Palestinian people.
20. The United States will establish a dialogue between Israel and the Palestinians to agree on a political horizon for peaceful and prosperous co-existence.